Which of the following is an example of special damages?

Special damages refer to specific, measurable losses that a plaintiff incurs due to an injury, and they can be calculated based on concrete figures. Medical expenses incurred are a quintessential example of special damages because they represent actual out-of-pocket costs for medical treatment, rehabilitation, medications, or any necessary healthcare services directly related to the injury. These damages can be documented with bills, invoices, or receipts, making them quantifiable.

In contrast, compensation for pain and suffering, loss of consortium, and emotional anguish reflect general damages, which account for intangible losses and are not as straightforward to quantify. They pertain to the suffering, relationship impact, and emotional distress caused by the injury but do not represent specific financial costs incurred. The quantification of these types of damages often involves subjective assessments rather than direct calculations based on invoices or medical records.